In addition to using the data in Table 9-1 to evaluate the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as an aid to stop smoking, we must also consider other factors such as health and behavioral risks. E-cigarettes can contain harmful ingredients, cause addiction, harm the respiratory system, and may impair brain development. While e-cigarettes may be used as an aid to stop smoking, the use of e-cigarettes should never be considered a healthy behavior. Inferential statistics involves forming conclusions (or inferences) about a population parameter. Two major activities of inferential statistics are estimating values of population parameters using confidence intervals (as in Chapter 7) and testing claims made about population parameters (as in Chapter 8). Chapters 7 and 8 both involved methods for dealing with a sample from one population, and this chapter extends those methods to situations involving two populations. Here are the chapter objectives: 9-1 Two Proportions • Conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim made about two population proportions. • Construct a confidence interval estimate of the difference between two population proportions. 9-2 Two Means: Independent Samples • Distinguish between a situation involving two independent samples and a situation involving two samples that are not independent. • Conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim made about two means from independent populations. • Construct a confidence interval estimate of the difference between two population means. 9-3 Matched Pairs • Identify sample data consisting of matched pairs. • Conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim made about the mean of the differences between matched pairs. • Construct a confidence interval estimate of the mean difference between matched pairs. 9-4 Two Variances or Standard Deviations • Develop the ability to conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim made about two population variances or standard deviations. 9-5 Resampling: Using Technology for Inferences • Use the resampling methods of bootstrapping and randomization for inferences about two proportions, two means from independent populations, two means from matched pairs, or two population standard deviations or variances. Chapter Objectives 441 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES TABLE 9-1 Results of Smoking Cessation Trials E-Cigarettes Nicotine Replacement Not smoking after 52 weeks 79 44 Number of subjects 438 446 S
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