CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 1 1-1 Statistical and Critical Thinking 3 1-2 Types of Data 14 1-3 Collecting Sample Data 26 1-4 Ethics in Statistics (download only) 36 2 EXPLORING DATA WITH TABLES AND GRAPHS 43 2-1 Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data 45 2-2 Histograms 55 2-3 Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive 62 2-4 Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression 73 3 DESCRIBING, EXPLORING, AND COMPARING DATA 86 3-1 Measures of Center 88 3-2 Measures of Variation 104 3-3 Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots 121 4 PROBABILITY 142 4-1 Basic Concepts of Probability 144 4-2 Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule 158 4-3 Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes’ Theorem 171 4-4 Counting 180 4-5 Simulations for Hypothesis Tests 190 5 DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 203 5-1 Probability Distributions 205 5-2 Binomial Probability Distributions 218 5-3 Poisson Probability Distributions 232 6 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 244 6-1 The Standard Normal Distribution 246 6-2 Real Applications of Normal Distributions 260 6-3 Sampling Distributions and Estimators 272 6-4 The Central Limit Theorem 283 6-5 Assessing Normality 294 6-6 Normal as Approximation to Binomial (download only) 303 7 ESTIMATING PARAMETERS AND DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZES 310 7-1 Estimating a Population Proportion 312 7-2 Estimating a Population Mean 329 7-3 Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance 345 7-4 Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates 355 8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 372 8-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing 374 8-2 Testing a Claim About a Proportion 390 8-3 Testing a Claim About a Mean 404 8-4 Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance 416 8-5 Resampling: Using Technology for Hypothesis Testing 425 ix
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