Subject Index 833 fail to reject, 628, 629 independence in, 628 normality in, 628 procedure for, 628–629 rejection, 628, 629 requirements, 628 row factor, 628–629 sampling in, 628 software/calculator results in, 632–633 variation in, 628 Two-way frequency table. See Contingency tables Type I errors, 384 Type II errors, 384 U UCL. See Upper control limit Unbiased estimators, 111, 115, 279–280 defining, 279 in point estimates, 313 Unequal sample size, 619 Unexplained deviation, 547 Unexplained variation, 546–548 Uniform, 295 Uniform distribution, 247–248, 295 Uniform distribution histograms, 57 Upper class limits, 45 Upper control limit (UCL), 704 Upward shift, 704 Upward trend, 704 V Value of a statistical life (VSL), 31 Variables advanced concepts, 111–115 continuous random, 206 dependent, 529 discrete random, 206 dummy, 557–559 explanatory, 529 independent, 529 lurking, 27, 518 marginal change in, 534–535 numerical random, 206 predictor, 529 random, 205 response, 529 Variance. See also Analysis of variance (ANOVA) claims testing about, 416–425, 430 count five for, 484 critical values in, 481 F distribution in, 482 F test for, 480–484 hypothesis test for, 481 Levene-Brown-Forsythe test for, 485 population, 345–352 for probability distribution, 208 requirements in, 481 resampling for two, 495–496 of samples, 110–111, 616–618 sampling distributions and, 273 software/calculator results for, 485–486 technology for, 485–486 test statistic for, 481 Variation assignable, 704, 707 basic concepts of, 104–111 coefficient of, 114 comparing, 113–115 control charts for, 706–708 explained, 546–548 in faces, 110 increasing, 704 in linear correlation, 517 measures of, 104–121 of population, 110–111 properties of, 111 random, 704 reduction of, 704 in run charts, 704 software/calculator results, 115 total, 547 in two-way ANOVA, 628 unexplained, 546–548 Vertical axis, nonzero, 67–68 Vision data set, 748 Voluntary response sample, 6 W Wage discrimination, gender-based, 66 Wait times, statistics of, 87 Wald confidence interval, 321–322 Weight data set, 747 Weighted means, 96 Wheeler, Michael, 8 Wilcoxon rank-sum test critical thinking, 668–670 critical values, 665 defining, 664 in holistic statistics, 728 for independent samples, 664–670 key elements, 665 notation, 665 P-values, 665 requirements, 665 software/calculator results, 668 test statistic, 665 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for claims testing, 410 critical values, 658, 742 defining, 657 for matched pairs, 657–664 notation, 658 procedure, 659 P-value, 658 rationale for, 661 requirement, 658 single population and, 661 software/calculator results, 662 test statistic, 658 Wildlife, 332 Wilson score confidence interval, 322 Witnesses, expert, 319 Word counts, 750 Wording in surveys, 29 X x, 89 x chart, 708–709 Y Yates’s correction for continuity, 604 y-intercept formulas for, 530 in regression equation, 530 rounding, 530 YouTube, 1–2 Z 0+, 207 Zeros, true, 19 z scores, 121–130 area and, 249, 250–253 defining, 121 known area and, 254–256 negative, 732 positive, 733 probability with, 249–253 properties of, 121–122 round-off rule for, 121, 250 scatterplots of, 520 significant values and, 122–123 software/calculator results, 257
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