Subject Index 831 for measures of center, 93 for measures of variation, 105 population mean, 330 population standard deviation, 348 for probability distribution, 208 for sample size, 320, 338 for z scores, 121, 250 Row factor, 628–629 Rubik’s cube, 185 Rule of complementary events, 160 Run, defining, 686 Run chart, 702–704 defining, 702 interpreting, 703 out of control criteria, 704 variations in, 704 Run of 8 rule, 705, 713 Runs test for randomness, 686–693 above and below mean, 689–691 above and below median, 689–691 critical values, 687, 744 defining, 686 fundamental principle of, 686–691 notation for, 687 procedure for, 688 requirements, 687 software/calculator results, 691 test statistic, 687 Ryan-Joiner test, 297 S Salaries, 593 Salk Vaccine experiment, 27 Sample. See also Bootstrap sample defining, 4 independent, 454–469, 664–670 measurement of, 7–8 reporting, 7–8 self-selected, 6 simple random, 26, 28 small, 248 space, 145 test statistic for large, 687 test statistic for small, 687 variance of, 110–111, 616–618 voluntary response, 6 Sample data advanced methods, 30–33 basics of, 26–27 collecting, 26–33 Sample mean behavior of, 275 Central Limit Theorem and, 285 sampling distributions of, 275–277 Sample proportion behavior of, 274 as point estimate, 312 sampling distributions of, 274–275 Sample range, sampling distribution of, 279–280 Sample size determining, 320–321, 337–339, 351 notation, 320 population mean and, 337–339 population proportion and, 312, 320–321 requirements, 320 round-off rule for, 320, 338 software/calculator results, 323–324 unequal, 619 Sample standard deviation. See standard deviation Sample variance behavior of, 278 sampling distributions of, 277–278 Sampling. See also Bootstrap resampling cluster, 28 convenience, 28, 29 errors, 32–33 multistage, 29–30 with replacement, 163, 280 without replacement, 163, 280 stratified, 28, 29 systematic, 28, 29 in two-way ANOVA, 628 Sampling distribution, 285 defining, 274 determining, 378 general behavior of, 273 in hypothesis testing, 378 mean and, 272–273 notation for, 285 proportions and, 272–273 of sample mean, 275–277 of sample proportion, 274–275 of sample range, 279–280 of sample variance, 277–278 of statistics, 274 variance and, 273 Sampling method, 3, 5 common, 29 Scatterplots, 73–79 defining, 73 interpreting, 509 of z scores, 521 Scheffé test, 619 Self-selected samples, 6 Semi-interquartile range, 127 Sequential events, 177 Shakespeare’s vocabulary, 315 Shewhart chart. See control charts Shuffles, 182 Significance, 270 in holistic statistics, 729 hypothesis testing for, 375 normal distribution and, 266 practical, 7, 409 probability for, 142–143 statistical, 7 Significance level 0.05, 393 defining, 378 hypothesis testing and, 378 Significantly high, 266 Significantly low, 266 Significant results identifying, 210–211 probability and, 288 Significant values, 109, 122–123, 209–212 Sign test, 646–657 basic concept of, 646–648 for claims testing, 410 critical thinking, 655–657 critical values in, 648, 741 defining, 646 in holistic statistics, 728 matched pairs for, 648 nominal data in, 650–651 notation, 648 procedure, 647 P-values in, 648 requirements, 648 software/calculator results, 654–655 test statistic in, 648, 653–654 Simple continuity correction, 398 Simple events, 145 Simple random sample, 26, 28, 29, 456 Simpson’s paradox, 94 Simulations, 148 defining, 190 in holistic statistics, 728 for hypothesis tests, 190–193 software/calculator results, 193–194 uses of, 191 Single population median of, 648, 652–654, 661 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and, 661 Skeletal boxplots, 130 Skewness in boxplots, 128 of histograms, 295 to left, 57 normal distribution and, 295 to right, 57 Slope formulas for, 530 in regression equation, 530 rounding, 530 Small samples, 248 Smartphones, 642–643 Smoking, 619 cancer and, 681 cessation treatment, 440–441 Software/calculator results binomial probability distribution, 226 boxplots, 132–133 confidence interval, 351–352 contingency tables, 599 control charts, 710 for correlation, 521–522 for dependent samples, 474–475
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