828 Subject Index Microsoft XSORT gender selection technique, 143 Midrange defining, 92 properties of, 92–93 Milgram, Stanley, 17 Misleading conclusions, 7 Missing data, 22–23 bias in, 23 completely at random, 22 correcting, 23 not at random, 22–23 Marginal change, 534–535 Measles vaccine, 576–577 Midquartile, 127 Minted quarters weights, 760 Mode defining, 91 important properties of, 91 Modified boxplots constructing, 130–131 outliers and, 130–131 Monte Carlo method, 449 Multimodal, 92 Multinomial distribution, 232 Multiple coefficient of determination, 554–555 Multiple comparison tests, 619 Multiple regression equation basic concepts, 552–557 best, 555–557 defining, 552 finding, 553 guidelines for, 555–557 notation, 553 predictions with, 557 P-values in, 555 requirements, 553 software/calculator results, 559–560 Multiplication counting rule, 180–181 Multiplication rule of complements, 171 formal, 161 independence and, 161–165 intuitive, 161 notation for, 161 rationale for, 166–167 redundancy and, 165–166 summary of, 167 Multistage sampling, 29–30 N Negatively skewed, 57 Nielsen ratings, 126 Nightingale, Florence, 64 Nobel laureates, 753 Nominal data, 648 in sign test, 650–651 with two categories, 650–651 Nominal level, 17–18, 19 Nonlinear patterns, 681–682 Nonlinear regression, 564–570 software/calculator results, 567 Nonlinear relationship, 509 in correlation, 518 Nonparametric method, 355 Nonparametric tests advantages of, 644 basics of, 644–646 defining, 644 disadvantages of, 644 efficiency of, 644–645 misleading terminology, 644 ranks, 645–646 Nonrandom sampling error, 33 Nonresponse, 8 Nonsampling error, 33 Nonstandard normal distribution, 260–262 Nonzero vertical axis, 67–68 Normal approximation, 303–304 for claims testing, 391–396 Normal distribution, 49–50 advanced methods, 294 binomial distribution approximated with, 303–304 bivariate, 510 conversions of, 260 defining, 246 formulas for, 247, 260 of normal quantile plots, 294–298 populations with, 294 significance and, 266 skewness and, 295 software/calculator results, 267 standard, 246–260 values from known areas, 263–266 Normal distribution histograms, 57, 295 Normality assessing, 294–298 assessment of, with normal quantile plots, 57–59 claims testing and, 405 histogram and, 298 normal quantile plots and, 298 outliers and, 298 for population means, 331 in two-way ANOVA, 628 Normality assessment, 297 Normal probability plot. See Normal quantile plots Normal quantile plots assessing normality with, 57–59 defining, 294 histograms and, 295 manual construction of, 296–298 normal distribution of, 294–298 normality and, 298 software/calculator results, 299 Not equally likely, 579 Not statistically stable, 705, 713 np chart, 718 Null hypothesis, 518 contingency tables, 591 defining, 377 goodness-of-fit and, 578 original claim for, 377–378 Numerical random variable, 206 O Observational studies, 30–32 case-control, 30–31 clinical trials compared with, 27 cohort, 30–31 cross-sectional, 30–31 longitudinal, 30–31 prospective, 30–31 retrospective, 30–31 types of, 30–30 Observed frequencies, 592 Odds, 152–153 actual, against, 153 actual, in favor, 153 payoff, 153 Old faithful, 754 One-sided confidence interval, 329 One-tailed test, 519 One-way ANOVA, 612–626 basics of, 613–616 Bonferroni multiple comparison test, 620 completely randomized design, 619 critical thinking, 623–625 critical values in, 618 defining, 613 degrees of freedom, 618 experiment design and, 619 fail to reject, 613 F distribution, 612 multiple comparison tests and, 619 procedure for, 613 P-value, 613–614 range tests and, 619 reject, 613 requirements, 613 rigorously controlled design in, 619 software/calculator results, 622 for testing population means, 613 test statistic in, 616 Online dating, 21 Orange sugar content, 333 Order of questions, 8 Ordinal level, 18, 19 Oscar winner age, 752 Outliers, 55, 130–131 in correlation/regression analysis, 535 in holistic statistics, 727 modified boxplots and, 130–131 normality and, 298 software/calculator results, 132–133 Out-of-control-criteria, 704, 705–706, 713 Out of statistical control, 705, 713 Out-of-town drivers, 513
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