Subject Index 827 from standard deviations, 485–486 about two means, 456 about two proportions, 442–443 Inferential statistics, 87, 152–153 rare event rule for, 211 Influential points, 535 Interactions in ANOVA, 627 defining, 627 effect, 627 graphs, 627–628 Internet traffic, 754 Interquartile range, 127, 130 Interval, 313 level, 18, 19 prediction, 544–552 Interval Estimate. See Confidence interval Intuitive addition rule, 159 Intuitive multiplication rule, 161 IQ brain size and, 749 lead and, 749 scores, 703 J Jay, John, 47 Jet engine problems, 163 Jobs, 21 K Known area, 254–256 Kruskal-Wallis test critical thinking, 675–676 critical values, 672 defining, 671 key elements, 671–672 notation, 671 P-values, 672 rationale, 674 requirements, 671 right-tailed, 672 software/calculator results, 674–675 test statistic, 672 L Labels, categorical data as, 16 Law of large numbers, 148 LCL. See Lower control limit Lead margin of error, 444 Least-squares property, 536–537 Left-handedness, 255 Left-tailed test, 379, 395–396 Less, 17 Levene-Brown-Forsythe test for standard deviation, 485 for variance, 485 Lie detectors, 396, 410 Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics (Wheeler), 8 Likert scale, 18 Linear correlation defining, 73, 508 determining, 77–78 finding, 514–517 P-values for, 77–78, 678 strength of, 509–510 variation in, 517 Linear correlation coefficient, 75–75 calculation of, 510–514 defining, 510 formulas, 511 interpreting, 511 notation, 510 properties of, 512 P-values for, 511 requirements, 510 rounding, 511 Loaded questions, 8 Logistic regression, 557–559 Lognormal distribution, 298, 302 Longitudinal study, 30–31 Lottery, 176, 181, 185, 191, 506–507 Lower class limits, 45 Lower control limit (LCL), 704 Lurking variables, 27, 518 M MAD. See Mean absolute deviation Madison, James, 47 Magnitudes, 18 Manatee deaths, 752 Mann-Whitney U test, 664, 670 Manual construction, 296–298 Margin of error confidence interval and, 336–337, 461 defining, 315 lead, 444 prediction interval, 544 real-world, 322 Matched pairs, 469–480 bootstrap resampling for, 474 claims about, 649–650, 658–660 confidence interval for, 471 defining, 455 equivalent methods for, 471–474 hypothesis test for, 470 inferences about, 470–471 McNemar’s test for, 597–598 notation for, 470 requirements, 470 resampling with, 494–495 sign test for, 648 software/calculator results for, 474–475 test statistic for, 470–471 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for, 657–664 Matched pairs design, 31–32 experimental, 469–470 Mathematical models, 564 McNemar’s test for matched pairs, 597–598 Mean absolute deviation (MAD), 111, 283 Means, 88–90, 454–469. See also Population mean alternative methods of finding, 460–461 bootstrap sample and, 358–359 boxplots for, 619 calculation of, 89–90 calculation of, from frequency distribution, 95–96 comparing, 619 confidence interval estimates for, 619 control charts for, 708–709 critical thinking using, 224–226 defining, 89 degrees of freedom and, 456 geometric, 103–104 graph of, 627–628 harmonic, 103 hypothesis testing in, 456 identifying different, 617–621 inferences about, 456 informal methods of comparing, 619 interaction graphs for, 627–628 notation, 89–90 for Poisson probability distribution, 233 of probability distribution, 208 properties of, 89 quadratic, 104 runs test for randomness above or below, 689–691 sampling distributions and, 272–273 software/calculator results for, 339–340, 412, 462–463 standard deviation for, 461 standard error of, 285 test statistics affected by, 618 trimmed, 103 two, 454–469, 493–494 weighted, 96 Measurement of disobedience, 17 interval level, 18, 19 levels of, 17–20 nominal level, 17–18, 19 ordinal level, 18, 19 ratio level, 19 units of, 15–16 Measures of center, 88–104. See also specific types advanced concepts, 95–98 basic concepts, 88–95 critical thinking and, 93–95 defining, 88 rounding, 93 software/calculator results, 97–98 Median, 104 calculation of, 90–91 defining, 90 notation of, 90–91 properties of, 90 runs test for randomness above or below, 689–691 of single population, 648, 652–654 Median class, 104 Mendel, Gregor, 231, 325–326, 584 Meta-analysis, 209
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