826 Subject Index Fisher’s exact test, 596–597 Fitted line plot, 521 5-number summary defining, 127 finding, 127 software/calculator results, 132–133 Fluoride, 471 Flynn effect, 703 Foot and height, 748 Football kickers, 558 Formal addition rule, 158–159 Formal hypothesis test, 518–520 Formal multiplication rule, 161 Fractions, 9 Frequency defining, 45 expected, 579, 592, 595 observed, 592 Frequency distribution, 46–51 cumulative, 49 defining, 45 last digits in, 50 mean calculated from, 95–96 normal, 49–50 procedure for constructing, 46–48 relative, 48–49 Frequency polygon, 66–67 Freshman 15, 750 F test interpreting, 482–484 for standard deviations, 480–484 for variances, 480–484 Fuzzy Central Limit Theorem, 287 G Galton, Francis, 553 Gambling, 165 Garbage weight, 759 Gender gap, 473 Genetic data, 447 Geometric distribution, 232 Geometric mean, 103–104 Global warming, 700–701 Goodness-of-fit alternative hypothesis and, 578 Benford’s law and, 582–584 claimed distribution in, 579–582 critical thinking and, 586–590 critical values for, 578 defining, 578 expected frequencies in, 579 notation, 578 null hypothesis and, 578 P-values for, 578 requirement check, 581 requirements, 578 software/calculator results, 585–586 testing for, 578 test statistic for, 578, 585 Gosset, William, 331 Gould, Stephen Jay, 91 Graphs analysis using, 6 bar, 64 control charts, 706, 709 deceptive, 67–68 enlightening, 62–69 frequency polygon, 66–67 in holistic statistics, 726 interaction, 627–628 of means, 627–628 with nonzero vertical axis, 67–68 Pareto charts, 64–65 p chart, 714 pictographs, 68 pie charts, 65–66 R chart, 706 regression line, 532 software/calculator results, 69 time-series, 63–64 Graunt, John, 6 Group testing, 173 Growth charts, 49 H Hamilton, Alexander, 47 Harmonic mean, 103 Hawthorne effect, 22 Height data set, 747 Histogram, 298 Histograms, 55–59, 272, 273 basic concepts of, 55–57 defining, 55 distribution shapes, 56–57 important uses of, 55 interpreting, 56 normal distribution, 57, 294 normal quantile plots and, 294, 295 probability, 207 relative frequency, 55–56 skewness of, 295 uniform distribution, 57 Holistic statistics, 408, 724–730 Homogeneity, test of, 595–596 chi-square, 595–596 procedure, 596 Horvitz, Eric, 19 Hot streaks, 688 H test. See Kruskal-Wallis test Human Project, 30 Hybridization, 231, 283 Hypergeometric distribution, 232 Hypothesis, 374 alternative, 377–378, 518, 578, 591 null, 377–378, 518, 578, 591 Hypothesis testing, 288–289. See also Test statistic basic concepts of, 374–387 big picture, 375 confidence intervals for, 319, 349–350, 383–384 correlation and, 518–520 critical region in, 379 critical values in, 379, 381 defining, 374 for dependent samples, 470 as equivalent method, 471–474 experiment design and, 387 final conclusion, 382–383 formal, 518–520 for independent samples, 456 for matched pairs, 470 for means, 456 memory hints for, 385 multiple negatives in, 383 one-tailed, 519 for proportions, 443 P-value in, 379–381 rare event rule and, 288 rationale for, 447 rejection in, 381–382 restating, 382–383 sampling distributions in, 378 for significance, 375 significance level and, 378 simulations for, 190–193 software/calculator results, 398–399, 412, 421–422, 448–449 for standard deviation, 481 test statistic in, 378, 518 type I errors, 384–385 type II errors, 384–385 for variances, 481 I Imputing missing data, 23 Inclusive or, 158 Independence dependence and, 220 key components in test of, 592 multiplication rule and, 161–165 testing for, 590–595 test statistic for tests of, 591 in two-way ANOVA, 628 Independent events, 161 Independent samples, 454–469 alternative methods, 460–461 confidence interval in, 457, 459–460 critical values in, 456, 459–460 defining, 455 degrees of freedom in, 456 hypothesis testing for, 456 notation, 456 P-values in, 456, 457–458 requirements, 456 software/calculator results for, 462–463 standard deviation for, 461 Wilcoxon rank-sum test for, 664–670 Independent variable, 529 Inferences about matched pairs, 470–471 software/calculator results, 448–449
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