Subject Index 825 in chi-square distribution, 346 for claims testing, 392, 394, 405, 409 in claims testing, 396, 418 confidence interval, 314–315 in contingency tables, 591 decision criteria for, 382, 687 defining, 256, 314 finding, 332 for goodness-of-fit, 578 in hypothesis testing, 379, 381 in independent samples, 456, 458–459 Kruskal-Wallis test, 672 in one-way ANOVA, 618 in population means, 332 rank correlation, 678 runs test, 687, 744 in sign test, 648, 741 in standard deviation, 481 in two proportions, 443, 446 in variance, 481 Wilcoxon rank-sum test, 665 Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, 658, 742 Cross-sectional study, 30–31 Crowd size, 335 Cumbersome calculations, 163–164 Cumulative frequency distribution, 49 Curbstoning, 321 CV. See Coefficient of variation Cybersecurity, 372–373 Cyclical pattern, 704 D Data analysis of, 6 basic types of, 14–23 big, 14, 20–22 body, 746 categorical, 15–16, 47–48 censored, 103 center of, 55 confidence intervals, 336–337 continuous, 16–17 defining, 4 discrete, 16–17 distribution of, 55 falsification of, 584 genetic, 447 magnitude in sets of, 21 missing, 22–23 nominal, 648, 650–651 process, 702 quantitative, 15–16 science, 20–22 sources of, 3, 5 spread of, 55 Data transformation, 298 Death, 533 Decimals, 9 Degree of confidence, 313 Degrees of freedom (df), 103 in chi-square distribution, 346 in claims testing, 417 in contingency tables, 591 in independent samples, 456 one-way ANOVA, 618 in population means, 331–332 two means and, 456 Denomination effect, 178–179, 499–500 Density curve, 247 Dependence, 162 independence and, 220 Dependent samples confidence interval for, 471 defining, 455 experimental design for, 469–470 hypothesis test for, 470 notation for, 470 test statistics for, 470–471 Dependent variable, 529 Descriptive statistics, 87 df. See Degrees of freedom Dichotomous variable, 557 Diet pills, 458 Discordant categories, 597 Discrete data, 16–17 finite type, 17 infinite type, 17 Discrete random variable, 206 Discrimination, gender-based wage, 66 Disjoint events, 159–160 Disney World wait times, 756 Disobedience, 17 Dispersion. See Variation Distance, 249 Distribution-free method, 355 Distribution-free tests, 644 Dotplot, 62 Double-blind, 28 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), 760 Downward shift, 704 Downward trend, 704 Draft lottery, 759 Drake, Frank, 696 Driving tickets, 513 Drug approval, 387 Dummy variables logistic regression and, 557–559 as predictor, 557–559 Duncan test, 619 E Earthquakes, 753 E-cigarettes, 440–441, 443 Efficiency rating, 645 Empirical rule, 112–113 Employees, theft by, 461 Equally likely, 579 Ergonomics, 244–245 Estimators biased, 107, 115, 279–280 defining, 279 unbiased, 111, 115, 279–280, 313 Ethics, 36 Events complementary, 151, 160–161 defining, 145 disjoint, 159–160 probability of, 146–151 rare, 152–153, 211, 288 sequential, 177 simple, 145 Exact methods claims testing, 397–398 improving, 398 simple continuity correction, 398 Exceptional value, 704 Expected frequencies in contingency tables, 592 equal, 579 finding, 579 in goodness-of-fit, 579 rationale for, 595 Expected value, 208–209 in contingency tables, 592–593 defining, 208 rationale for formulas, 212–213 Experimental units, 27 Experiment design, 26–30 advanced, 30–33 blinding in, 28 completely randomized, 31, 619 defining, 27 for dependent samples, 469–470 gold standard of, 26–27 hypothesis testing and, 387 matched pairs, 31–32 for matched pairs, 469–470 one-way ANOVA and, 619 randomization in, 27 replication in, 28 rigorously controlled, 32 Experimenter effects, 22 Expert witness testimony, 319 Explained deviation, 547 Explained variation, 546–548 Explanatory variable, 529 Extrapolation, 533 F Factorial rule defining, 181 notation, 181 False positive/negative, 175, 179, 398 Falsified data, 584 Family heights, 749 Fast food, 757 F distribution, 736–739 one-way ANOVA, 612 in standard deviation, 482 in variance, 482 Federalist Papers, 47 Fewer, 17 Finite population, 289–290 Fisher, R. A., 616
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