is these anomalies that scientists monitor and evaluate. The data in Table 14-1 are not actual global temperature data, but are based on data from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). Most scientists agree that global warming is occurring and that this increase in temperature is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2). Others deny global warming and claim that human activity is not driving an increase in global temperature. We will see how methods of statistics can be used to monitor and evaluate trends in the Earth’s temperature. Specifically, we will determine whether the Earth’s temperature results from a process that is out of control, or whether the Earth’s temperature is behaving as it should. Chapter Objectives 701 This chapter presents methods for constructing and interpreting control charts that are commonly used to monitor changing characteristics of data over time. A control chart is a graph with a centerline, an upper control limit, and a lower control limit. A control chart can be used to determine whether a process is statistically stable (or within statistical control) with only natural variation and no patterns, cycles, or unusual points. Here are the chapter objectives: 14-1 Control Charts for Variation and Mean • Develop the ability to construct a run chart. • Develop the ability to construct a control chart for R (range). • Develop the ability to construct a control chart for x. • Identify out-of-control criteria and apply them to determine whether process data are within statistical control. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES >>> TABLE 14-1 Annual Temperatures 1°C2 of Earth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x Range 1880s 13.88 13.88 14.00 13.96 13.59 13.77 13.75 13.55 13.77 14.04 13.819 0.490 1890s 13.78 13.44 13.60 13.61 13.68 13.68 13.73 13.85 13.79 13.76 13.692 0.410 1900s 13.95 13.95 13.70 13.64 13.58 13.75 13.85 13.60 13.70 13.69 13.741 0.370 1910s 13.79 13.74 13.67 13.72 13.98 14.06 13.80 13.54 13.67 13.91 13.788 0.520 1920s 13.85 13.95 13.91 13.84 13.89 13.85 14.04 13.95 14.00 13.78 13.906 0.260 1930s 13.97 14.03 14.04 13.89 14.05 13.92 14.01 14.12 14.15 13.98 14.016 0.260 1940s 14.14 14.11 14.10 14.06 14.11 13.99 14.01 14.12 13.97 13.91 14.052 0.230 1950s 13.83 13.98 14.03 14.12 13.91 13.91 13.82 14.08 14.10 14.05 13.983 0.300 1960s 13.98 14.10 14.05 14.03 13.65 13.75 13.93 13.98 13.91 14.00 13.938 0.450 1970s 14.04 13.90 13.95 14.18 13.94 13.98 13.79 14.16 14.07 14.13 14.014 0.390 1980s 14.27 14.40 14.10 14.34 14.16 14.13 14.19 14.35 14.42 14.28 14.264 0.320 1990s 14.49 14.44 14.16 14.18 14.31 14.47 14.36 14.40 14.71 14.44 14.396 0.550 2000s 14.41 14.56 14.70 14.64 14.60 14.77 14.64 14.66 14.68 14.70 14.636 0.360 2010s 14.52 14.40 14.60 14.81 14.59 14.96 14.83 15.61 15.49 14.97 14.878 1.210
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