70 CHAPTER 2 Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs Statistical Literacy and Critical Thinking 1. Jaws Listed below are the numbers of unprovoked shark attacks worldwide for the last several years. Why is it that a dotplot of these data would not be very effective in helping us understand the data? Which of the following graphs would be most effective for these data: dotplot, stemplot, time-series graph, Pareto chart, pie chart, frequency polygon? 70 54 68 82 79 83 76 73 98 81 2. Stemplot Construct a stemplot of the data listed in Exercise 1. If given only the stemplot, can the original data values be found? 3. Ethics There are data showing that smoking is detrimental to good health. Given that people could be helped and lives could be saved by reducing smoking, is it ethical to graph the data in a way that is misleading by exaggerating the health risks of smoking? 4. Voluntary Response Data If we have a large voluntary response sample consisting of weights of subjects who chose to respond to a survey posted on the Internet, can a graph help to overcome the deficiency of having a voluntary response sample? Dotplots. In Exercises 5 and 6, construct the dotplot. 5.Pulse Rates Listed below are pulse rates (beats per minute) of females selected from Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B. All of those pulse rates are even numbers. Is there a pulse rate that appears to be an outlier? What is its value? 80 94 58 66 56 82 78 86 88 56 36 66 84 76 78 64 66 78 60 64 6.Diastolic Blood Pressure Listed below are diastolic blood pressure measurements (mm Hg) of females selected from Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B. All of the values are even numbers. Are there any outliers? If so, identify their values. 62 70 72 88 70 66 68 70 82 74 90 62 70 76 90 86 60 78 82 78 84 76 60 64 Stemplots. In Exercises 7 and 8, construct the stemplot. 7.Pulse Rates Refer to the data listed in Exercise 5. How are the data sorted in the stemplot? 8.Diastolic Blood Pressure Refer to the data listed in Exercise 6. Identify the two values that are closest to the middle when the data are sorted in order from lowest to highest. (These values are often used to find the median, which is defined in Section 3-1.) Time-Series Graphs. In Exercises 9 and 10, construct the time-series graph. 9.Gender Pay Gap Listed below are women’s median earnings as a percentage of men’s median earnings for recent years beginning with 1997 (listed in order by row). Is there a trend? How does it appear to affect women? 74.4 76.3 76.5 76.9 76.4 77.9 79.4 80.4 81.0 80.8 80.2 79.9 80.2 81.2 82.2 80.9 82.1 82.5 81.1 81.9 10.Home Runs Listed below are the numbers of home runs in Major League Baseball for each year beginning with 1993 (listed in order by row). Is there a trend? 4030 3306 4081 4962 4640 5064 5528 5693 5458 5059 5207 5451 5017 5386 4957 4878 5042 4613 4552 4934 4661 4186 4909 5610 6105 2-3 Basic Skills and Concepts
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