400 CHAPTER 8 Hypothesis Testing 4. Equivalence, P-Value, and Significance Level a. Regardless of the conclusion reached from the hypothesis test, is it possible that more than 3>4 of adults can be above average drivers? b. If we use the same significance level to conduct the hypothesis test using the P-value method, the critical value method, and a confidence interval, which method is not always equivalent to the other two? c. It was stated that we can easily remember how to interpret P-values with this: “If the P is low, the null must go.” What does this mean? d. Another memory trick sometimes used is this: “If the P is high, the null will fly.” Given that a hypothesis test never results in a conclusion of proving or supporting a null hypothesis, how is this memory trick misleading? e. Common significance levels are 0.01 and 0.05. Why would it be unwise to use a significance level with a number like 0.0483? Using Technology. In Exercises 5–8, identify the indicated values or interpret the given display. Use the normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution, as described in Part 1 of this section. Use a 0.05 significance level and answer the following: a. Is the test two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed? b. What is the test statistic? c. What is the P-value? d. What is the null hypothesis, and what do you conclude about it? e. What is the final conclusion? 5. Adverse Reactions to Drug The drug Lipitor (atorvastatin) is used to treat high cholesterol. In a clinical trial of Lipitor, 47 of 863 treated subjects experienced headaches (based on data from Pfizer). The accompanying TI@83>84 Plus calculator display shows results from a test of the claim that fewer than 10% of treated subjects experience headaches. 6. Smartphone Protections In a Pew Research Center survey of 1040 smartphone owners, 28% of them said that they have no lock screen on their phones. The accompanying StatCrunch display results from testing the claim that more than 1>4 of smartphone owners have no lock screen on their phones. StatCrunch 7. Online Selfie A Domain.ME survey of 1000 adults showed that 40% of the respondents searched for themselves online. The accompanying Minitab display results from a test of the claim that fewer than 50% of adults search for themselves online. 8. Biometric Security In a USA Today survey of 510 people, 53% said that we should replace passwords with biometric security, such as fingerprints. The accompanying Statdisk display results from a test of the claim that half of us say that we should replace passwords with biometric security. TI-83, 84 Plus Minitab Statdisk
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