in making this claim: “Most Internet users utilize two-factor authentication to protect their online data.” (We interpret “most” to mean the majority, or more than half, or more than 50%.) The claim about “most Internet users” is a claim that can be addressed by using the method of hypothesis testing that is presented in this chapter. We have the claim that p 7 0.5, which is the symbolic form of the verbal claim that most (or the majority or more than half) of Internet users utilize twofactor authentication to protect their online data. This chapter will present the standard methods for testing such claims. It’s important to note that the methods of hypothesis testing are not unique to statistics; methods of hypothesis testing are used in many different disciplines, including those with applications to health and medicine, business, and advertising. It would be a challenge to identify a discipline in which methods of hypothesis testing are not used. Consequently, the content of this chapter has broad application outside of the subject of statistics. Here are the chapter objectives: 8-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing • Develop the ability to identify the null and alternative hypotheses when given some claim about a population parameter (such as a proportion, mean, standard deviation, or variance). • Develop the ability to calculate a test statistic, find critical values, calculate P-values, and state a final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Here are the components that should be included in the hypothesis test: • Statements of the null and alternative hypotheses expressed in symbolic form • Value of the test statistic • Selection of the sampling distribution to be used for the hypothesis test • Identification of a P-value and>or critical value(s) • Statement of one of these conclusions: Reject the null hypothesis, or fail to reject the null hypothesis • Statement of a final conclusion that uses simple and nontechnical terms to address the original claim 8-2 Testing a Claim About a Proportion • Develop the ability to use sample data to conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim about a population proportion. The procedure should include the components listed above with the objectives for Section 8-1. 8-3 Testing a Claim About a Mean • Develop the ability to use sample data to conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim made about a population mean. The procedure should include the same components listed above with the objectives for Section 8-1. 8-4 Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance • Develop the ability to use sample data to conduct a formal hypothesis test of a claim made about a population standard deviation or variance. The procedure should include the same components listed above with the objectives for Section 8-1. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES >>> Chapter Objectives 373
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