I4 INDEX minimum sample size to estimate m, 304 to estimate r, 324 misleading graph, 66 mode, 67, 69 modified box-and-whisker plot, 105 multinomial experiment, 213, 526 multiple regression equation, 509 Multiplication Rule, 189 for the probability of A and B, 149, 161 mutually exclusive, 157, 161 N n factorial, 168 natural experiment, 26 negative linear correlation, 470 negatively skewed, 73 no correlation, 470 nominal level of measurement, 10, 12 nonlinear correlation, 470 normal approximation to a binomial distribution, 275 normal curve, 234 normal distribution, 234 bivariate, 473, 502 properties of a, 234 standard, 237, A1, A2 finding areas under, 239, A4 finding critical values in, 368 properties of, 237, A2 using to approximate binomial probabilities, 278 normal probability plot, A28 normal quantile plot, A28 notation for binomial experiment, 201 null hypothesis one-sample, 349 two-sample, 420 O observational study, 17 observed frequency, 527 odds, 145 of losing, 145 of winning, 145 ogive, 46 constructing, 47 one-way analysis of variance, 558 test, 558, 559 finding the test statistic for, 559 open question, 26 open-ended class, 42 ordinal level of measurement, 10, 12 outcome, 130 outlier, 56, 70 using the interquartile range to identify, 104 P paired data sets, 60 paired samples, 418 parameter, 4 population, binomial distribution, 209 Pareto chart, 59 Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, 473 Pearson’s index of skewness, 99 percentile, 106 that corresponds to a specific data entry x, 106 performing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, 528 a chi-square independence test, 539 a one-way analysis of variance test, 560 permutation, 168, 172 distinguishable, 170, 172 of n objects taken r at a time, 168, 172 pie chart, 58 placebo, 17 effect, 19 plot back-to-back stem-and-leaf, 66 box-and-whisker, 104 dot, 57 normal probability, A28 normal quantile, A28 residual, 494 scatter, 60, 470 side-by-side box-and-whisker, 113 stem-and-leaf, 55 point inflection, 234 influential, 494 point estimate, 297, 298 for r, 320 for s, 330 for s 2, 330 Poisson distribution, 217, 219 variance of a, 222 polygon, frequency, 45 pooled estimate of the standard deviation, 428 population, 3 correction factor, finite, 309 correlation coefficient, 473 using Table 11 for the, 476 using the t-test for the, 478 mean, constructing a confidence interval for s known, 301 s unknown, 312 parameters of a binomial distribution, 209 proportion, 320 constructing a confidence interval for, 321 standard deviation, 83 constructing a confidence interval for, 332 finding, 84 point estimate for, 330 variance, 83 constructing a confidence interval for, 332 finding, 84 point estimate for, 330 positive linear correlation, 470 positively skewed, 73 power equation, 495 power of the test, 353 prediction interval, 502 constructing, 502 Principle, Fundamental Counting, 132, 172 probability, 130 Addition Rule for, 158, 161 classical, 134, 161 conditional, 147 density function, 234 empirical, 134, 135, 161 experiment, 130 outcome of, 130 sample space of, 130 formula, binomial, 203 geometric, 216 Multiplication Rule for, 149, 161 plot, normal, A28 rule, range of, 137, 161 statistical, 135 subjective, 134, 137 summary of, 161 theoretical, 134 value, 353 probability distribution binomial, 204, 219 chi-square, 330 continuous, 234 discrete, 191 constructing a, 192 geometric, 216, 219 hypergeometric, 222 normal, 234 properties of a, 234 Poisson, 217, 219 sampling, 261 of sample means, 261 standard normal, 237 uniform, 245 properties of the chi-square distribution, 330 of a normal distribution, 234 of sampling distributions of sample means, 261 of the standard normal distribution, 237, A2 of the t-distribution, 310 proportion population, 320 confidence interval for, 321 z-test for a, 388 sample, 273 proportions, sampling distribution of sample, 273 Punnett square, 144 P-value, 353 decision rule based on, 356, 363 for a hypothesis test, finding the, 363 using for a z-test for a mean, 365 Q qualitative data, 9 quantile plot, normal, A28 quantitative data, 9 quartile, 102, 106 first, 102 second, 102 third, 102 question closed, 26 open, 26
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