I2 INDEX c-prediction interval, 502 critical region, 368 critical value, 299, 368 for a chi-square test, finding, 394 for the F-distribution, finding, 550 in the standard normal distribution, finding, 368 in a t-distribution, finding, 377 cumulative frequency, 42 graph, 46 constructing a, 47 curve, normal, 234 D data, 2 class, 40 clusters, 73 interval, 40 outliers, 56, 70 qualitative, 9 quantitative, 9 range, 40, 82 data sets center of, 40 constructing a frequency distribution from, 40 five-number summary, 105 gap, 70 outlier, 56, 70 paired, 60 range of, 40, 82 shape of, 40 variability of, 40 decile, 106 decision rule based on P-value, 356, 363 based on rejection region, 370 degrees of freedom, 310 corresponding to the variance in the denominator, 549 corresponding to the variance in the numerator, 549 density function, probability, 234 dependent event, 148, 161 random variable, 200 samples, 418 variable, 470 descriptive statistics, 5 design completely randomized, 19 matched-pairs, 20 designing a statistical study, 17 determination, coefficient of, 499 deviation, 83 explained, 498 mean absolute, 99 standard, 83, 85 total, 498 unexplained, 498 d.f.D., 549 d.f.N., 549 diagram, tree, 130 discrete probability distribution, 191 constructing, 192 summary of, 219 discrete random variable, 190 expected value of a, 196 mean of a, 194 standard deviation of a, 195 variance of a, 195 distinguishable permutation, 170, 172 distribution bell-shaped, 88 binomial, 219 normal approximation to, 275 population parameters of, 209 binomial probability, 204, 219 bivariate normal, 473, 502 chi-square, 330 properties of, 330 continuous probability, 234 discrete probability, 191 F-, 549 frequency, 40 mean of, 72 rectangular, 73 skewed left (negatively skewed), 73 skewed right (positively skewed), 73 symmetric, 73 uniform, 73 gap in, 70 geometric, 216, 219 hypergeometric, 222 normal, 234 properties of a, 234 Poisson, 217, 219 sampling, 261 of sample means, 261 of sample proportions, 273 standard normal, 237, A1, A2 finding critical values in, 368 properties of, 237, A2 t-, 310 finding critical values in, 377 properties of a, 310 uniform, 245 dot plot, 57 double-blind experiment, 19 drawing a box-and-whisker plot, 105 E e, 217 effect Hawthorne, 19 interaction, 564 main, 564 placebo, 19 elements of a well-designed experiment, 19 empirical probability, 134, 135, 161 Empirical Rule (or 68-95-99.7 Rule), 88 equation exponential, 495 logarithmic, 495 multiple regression, 509 power, 495 of a regression line, 487 error of estimate maximum, 300 standard, 500 margin of, 300 of the mean, standard, 261 sampling, 21, 261, 300 tolerance, 300 type I, 351 type II, 351 estimate interval, 299 point, 297, 298 for r, 320 for s, 330 for s 2, 330 pooled, of the standard deviation, 428 standard error of, 500 estimating m by minimum sample size, 304 estimating r by minimum sample size, 324 estimator, unbiased, 298 event, 130 complement of an, 138, 161 dependent, 148, 161 independent, 148, 161 mutually exclusive, 157, 161 simple, 131 expected frequency, 527 finding for contingency table cells, 536 expected value, 196 of a discrete random variable, 196 experiment, 17 binomial, 201 double-blind, 19 multinomial, 213, 526 natural, 26 probability, 130 validity of, 20 well-designed, elements of, 19 experimental design completely randomized, 19 matched-pairs, 20 randomized block, 19 experimental unit, 17 explained deviation, 498 explained variation, 498 explanatory variable, 470 exploratory data analysis (EDA), 55 exponential equation, 495 Ffactorial, 168 false positive, 156 F-distribution, 549 finding critical values for, 550 finding areas under the standard normal curve, 239, A4 finding critical values for a chi-square test, 394 for the F-distribution, 550 in the standard normal distribution, 368 in a t-distribution, 377 finding the expected frequency for contingency table cells, 536 finding the mean of a frequency distribution, 72 finding a minimum sample size to estimate m, 304 to estimate r, 324 finding the population variance and standard deviation, 84 finding the P-value for a hypothesis test, 363 finding the sample variance and standard deviation, 85 finding the standard error of estimate, 500
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