INDEX I1 A Addition Rule, 189 for the probability of A or B, 158, 161 for three events, 165 alternative formula for the standardized test statistic for a proportion, 392 for variance and standard deviation, 98 alternative hypothesis one-sample, 349 two-sample, 420 analysis of variance (ANOVA) test one-way, 558, 559 two-way, 564 angle, central, 58 approximating binomial probabilities, 278 area of a region, under a standard normal curve, 239, A4 B back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot, 66 Bayes’ Theorem, 156 bell-shaped distribution, 88 biased sample, 21 bimodal, 69 binomial distribution, 219 mean of a, 209 normal approximation to a, 275 population parameters of a, 209 standard deviation of a, 209 variance of a, 209 binomial experiment, 201 notation for, 201 binomial probabilities, using the normal distribution to approximate, 278 binomial probability distribution, 204, 219 binomial probability formula, 203 bivariate normal distribution, 473, 502 blinding, 19 block design, randomized, 19 blocks, 19 boundaries, class, 44 box-and-whisker plot, 104 drawing a, 105 modified, 105 side-by-side, 113 boxplot, 104 C calculating a correlation coefficient, 474 categories, 526 cause-and-effect relationship between variables, 480 c-confidence interval for a population mean, 301 for a population proportion, 321 cell, 536 census, 3, 21 center, 40 central angle, 58 Central Limit Theorem, 263 central tendency, measure of, 67 mean, 67 median, 67, 68 midrange, 80 mode, 67, 69 chart control, 251 Pareto, 59 pie, 58 time series, 61 Chebychev’s Theorem, 89 chi-square distribution, 330 properties of, 330 goodness-of-fit test, 526, 528 test statistic for, 528 independence test, 538 test finding critical values for, 394 for standard deviation, 396, 403 test statistic for, 396 for variance, 396, 403 class, 40 boundaries, 44 cumulative frequency of, 42 mark, 42 midpoint, 42 open-ended, 42 relative frequency of, 42 width, 40 class limit lower, 40 upper, 40 classical probability, 134, 161 closed question, 26 cluster sample, 22 clusters, 22 of data, 73 coefficient correlation, 473 calculating, 474 Pearson product moment, 473 population, 473 t-test for, 478 using a table for, 476 of determination, 499 of variation, 87, 92 combination of n objects taken r at a time, 171, 172 complement of event E, 138, 161 completely randomized design, 19 conditional probability, 147 conditional relative frequency, 547 confidence interval, 301 for the difference between means, 435 for the difference between two population proportions, 453 for the mean of the differences of paired data, 446 for a population mean, constructing a s known, 301 s unknown, 312 for a population proportion, constructing a, 321 for a population standard deviation, 332 for a population variance, 332 for s 2 1/s 2 2, 557 for slope, 508 for y-intercept, 508 confidence, level of, 299 confounding variable, 19, 454 constructing a confidence interval for the difference between means, 435 a confidence interval for the difference between two population proportions, 453 a confidence interval for the mean of the differences of paired data, 446 a confidence interval for a population mean s known, 301 s unknown, 312 a confidence interval for a population proportion, 321 a confidence interval for a population standard deviation, 332 a confidence interval for a population variance, 332 a cumulative frequency graph, 47 a discrete probability distribution, 192 a frequency distribution from a data set, 40 an ogive, 47 a prediction interval for y for a specific value of x, 502 contingency table, 536 cells, finding the expected frequency for, 536 continuity correction, 277 continuous probability distribution, 234 continuous random variable, 190 control chart, 251 group, 17 convenience sample, 23 correction, continuity, 277 correction factor finite, 273 finite population, 309 correlation, 470 correlation coefficient, 473 calculating a, 474 Pearson product moment, 473 population, 473 t-test for, 478 using a table for, 476 Counting Principle, Fundamental, 132, 172
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