History of Statistics 35 17TH CENTURY 18TH CENTURY 19TH CENTURY 20TH CENTURY 20TH CENTURY (later) Studied records of deaths in London in the early 1600s. The first to make extensive statistical observations from massive amounts of data (Chapter 2), his work laid the foundation for modern statistics. Pascal and Fermat corresponded about basic probability problems (Chapter 3)—especially those dealing with gaming and gambling. Studied probability (Chapter 3) and is credited with putting probability on a sure mathematical footing. Studied regression and the method of least squares (Chapter 9) through astronomy. In his honor, the normal distribution (Chapter 5) is sometimes called the Gaussian distribution. Used descriptive statistics (Chapter 2) to analyze crime and mortality data and studied census techniques. Described normal distributions (Chapter 5) in connection with human traits such as height. A nurse during the Crimean War, she was one of the first to advocate the importance of sanitation in hospitals. One of the first statisticians to use descriptive statistics (Chapter 2) as a way to argue for social change and credited with having developed the Coxcomb chart. Used regression and correlation (Chapter 9) to study genetic variation in humans. Credited with discovering the Central Limit Theorem (Chapter 5). Studied natural selection using correlation (Chapter 9). Formed first academic department of statistics and helped develop chi-square analysis (Chapter 6). Studied process of brewing and developed t-test to correct problems connected with small sample sizes (Chapter 6). British psychologist who was one of the first to develop intelligence testing using factor analysis (Chapter 10). Studied biology and natural selection and developed ANOVA (Chapter 10), stressed the importance of experimental design (Chapter 1), and was the first to identify the null and alternative hypotheses (Chapter 7). Biochemist, used statistics to study plant pathology. Introduced two-sample tests (Chapter 8), which led to development of nonparametric statistics. Worked at Princeton during World War II. Introduced exploratory data analysis techniques such as stem-and-leaf plots (Chapter 2). Also, worked at Bell Laboratories and is best known for his work in inferential statistics (Chapters 6–11). Worked at Universities of Howard and California Berkeley. Significant contributions to Bayesian statistics, game theory, and probability theory (Chapter 3), and various other areas of mathematics. Authored one of the first texts on Bayesian statistics. Co-creator of the Rao-Blackwell Theorem. John Graunt (1620–1674) Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) Pierre Laplace (1749–1827) Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) Lambert Quetelet (1796–1874) Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) Francis Galton (1822–1911) Karl Pearson (1857–1936) William Gosset (1876–1937) Charles Spearman (1863–1945) Ronald Fisher (1890–1962) Frank Wilcoxon(1892–1965) John Tukey (1915–2000) David Blackwell (1919–2010) HISTORY OF STATISTICS–TIMELINE RY ( F ( J ( (
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