144 CHAPTER 3 Probability 81. Genetics A Punnett square is a diagram that shows all possible gene combinations in a cross of parents whose genes are known. When two pink snapdragon flowers (RW) are crossed, there are four equally likely possible outcomes for the genetic makeup of the offspring: red (RR), pink (RW), pink (WR), and white (WW), as shown in the Punnett square at the left. When two pink snapdragons are crossed, what is the probability that the offspring will be (a) pink, (b) red, and (c) white? 82. Genetics There are six basic types of coloring in registered collies: sable (SSmm), tricolor (ssmm), trifactored sable (Ssmm), blue merle (ssMm), sable merle (SSMm), and trifactored sable merle (SsMm). The Punnett square below shows the possible coloring of the offspring of a trifactored sable merle collie and a trifactored sable collie. What is the probability that the offspring will have the same coloring as one of its parents? Parents: Ssmm and SsMm SM Sm sM sm Sm SSMm SSmm SsMm Ssmm Sm SSMm SSmm SsMm Ssmm sm SsMm Ssmm ssMm ssmm sm SsMm Ssmm ssMm ssmm Using a Pie Chart to Find Probabilities In Exercises 83–86, use the pie chart at the left, which shows the number of workers (in millions) by occupation for the United States. (Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics) 83. Find the probability that a worker chosen at random is employed in a natural resources, construction, or maintenance occupation. 84. Find the probability that a worker chosen at random is not employed in a service occupation. 85. Find the probability that a worker chosen at random is employed in a sales or office occupation. 86. Find the probability that a worker chosen at random is not employed in a production, transportation, or material moving occupation.. 87. College Football A stem-and-leaf plot for the numbers of touchdowns allowed by the 127 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision teams in the 2020–2021 season is shown. Find the probability that a team chosen at random allowed (a) at least 51 touchdowns, (b) from 21 to 31 touchdowns, and (c) fewer than 14 touchdowns. Are any of these events unusual? Explain. (Source: National Collegiate Athletic Association) 0 6 Key: 10 1 = 11 1 11234445566677888999 2 00111112233333345556666677777788888999 3 0000000011122333344444455566777788999 4 011122223334445555556778 5 0236688 Workers (in millions) by Occupation for the U.S. Service Sales, office Management, professional Natural resources, construction, maintenance Production, transportation, material moving 13.4 29.7 22.9 18.2 63.6 FIGURE FOR EXERCISES 83–86 RR RW WR R W WW R W FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 81
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